What are biofilms and why are they significant?

Biofilms are structured communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced matrix of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. They are significant because they enhance the survival and resilience of bacteria in various environments, allowing them to thrive in conditions that would be inhospitable to individual cells. The matrix provides protection against environmental stresses such as desiccation, antibiotics, and the immune system, making biofilm-associated bacteria generally more resistant to treatment and disinfection.

Furthermore, biofilms play crucial roles in various ecological processes, including nutrient cycling and the degradation of pollutants. They can be found in natural environments such as rivers and oceans, as well as in man-made settings like water pipes, medical devices, and even within the human body. The significance of biofilms extends to their impact on health, as they can be implicated in chronic infections and are often associated with persistent infections that are difficult to eradicate. Understanding biofilms is essential in fields such as microbiology, medicine, and environmental science.